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Upper Mustang Trekking Overview
The Upper Mustang Trek is a unique journey into one of Nepal’s most remote and culturally preserved regions. Often called the "Last Forbidden Kingdom," Upper Mustang remained closed to outsiders until 1992, allowing it to maintain its centuries-old Tibetan Buddhist traditions and authentic Himalayan culture.
The trek spans approximately 135 to 150 kilometers for full upper mustang trek and typically takes 11 days, starting and ending in Jomsom. The trail passes through arid valleys, ancient villages, and dramatic landscapes, with terrain ranging from easy to moderate. A highlight of the trek is crossing the Chogo La Pass at 4,280 meters, offering panoramic views of the Himalayan desert and surrounding peaks.
A major cultural highlight is Lo Manthang, the ancient walled capital of the former Mustang Kingdom. This historic town features medieval palaces, centuries-old monasteries, and whitewashed mud-brick homes. Walking through traditional villages like Ghemi, Chhusang, Tangye, and Tsarang, trekkers experience local hospitality, see traditional farming, and learn about the daily life of the Lopa people.
Throughout the journey, trekkers encounter sacred Buddhist sites, including cliffside monasteries, prayer-inscribed mani walls, and cave dwellings, all of which reflect the region’s deep spiritual heritage.
Accommodations along the route are in local guesthouses, which provide basic yet comfortable rooms, warm meals, and friendly service. A special Upper Mustang permit, along with the Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP), is required and usually arranged by trekking agencies in advance.
The best seasons for trekking are spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November), offering clear skies and pleasant temperatures. However, summer (June to August) is also a great time to visit, as Upper Mustang lies in the Himalayan rain shadow, making it a monsoon-free trekking destination.
For those seeking an off-the-beaten-path adventure rich in culture, history, and striking landscapes, the Upper Mustang Trek offers an unforgettable experience. It is ideal for trekkers who want to explore a remote region of Nepal, deeply influenced by Tibetan culture, while enjoying dramatic scenery, ancient traditions, and peaceful solitude.
Location and Terrain
Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, meaning it receives very little rainfall and is accessible almost year-round. The region features arid, dramatic landscapes from sandy desert trails and wind-eroded cliffs to narrow gorges and rocky plateaus. Unlike the lush trails of the Annapurna region, Upper Mustang’s dry, colorful hills showcase the raw, natural beauty of the high Himalayas in a treeless, windswept form.
The trek follows moderate paths and does not require technical skills or mountaineering experience. While the elevation can reach over 3,800 meters, proper acclimatization and pacing make it achievable for fit trekkers. The best time to trek Upper Mustang is from March to late November, avoiding the extreme cold of mid-winter.
High mountain passes like Lo La offer panoramic views of the surrounding ranges, while cliffside caves, monasteries, and centuries-old villages reveal the deep-rooted spirituality and rich history of the region.
Upper Mustang Trek Highlights
- Visit the ancient walled kingdom of Lo Manthang, the cultural heart of Mustang
- Trek through a stark, desert-like landscape with towering cliffs and eroded rock formations
- Escape the summer monsoon season—Upper Mustang lies in a dry zone sheltered by the Himalayas
- Witness well-preserved Tibetan culture, language, and lifestyle unchanged for centuries
- Enjoy views of Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Nilgiri, Tukuche, and other majestic peaks
- Explore over 10,000 sky caves, many with archaeological and historical significance
- Visit ancient monasteries such as Jampa Lhakhang, Thubchen, Chodey, and Choprang Gompa
- Taste local apple products in Marpha—including the famous apple pie and apple wine
- Experience the sacred pilgrimage site of Muktinath, revered by both Hindus and Buddhists
- Discover Chhoser, home to ancient cave dwellings and Buddhist manuscripts
Culture, Spirituality, and Festivals
Upper Mustang is a living testament to Tibetan Buddhist culture, preserved through centuries of isolation. The region is adorned with whitewashed houses, Chortens, prayer wheels, and colorful prayer flags that flutter in the cold mountain wind. The locals, known as the Lopa people, maintain a lifestyle rooted in agriculture, yak herding, and traditional trade routes once used between Nepal and Tibet.
Cultural experiences are heightened during local festivals, most notably the Tiji Festival, a vibrant three-day celebration symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. Another is the Yartung (Horse Racing) Festival, which showcases the region’s nomadic and equestrian traditions.
The monasteries of Upper Mustang house sacred art, scriptures, and relics dating back to the 13th century. In Chhoser, archaeological discoveries inside sky caves have unearthed ancient burial chambers, manuscripts, and wall paintings now drawing global academic interest.
Nature and Wildlife
Despite its harsh climate, Upper Mustang supports a surprising range of wildlife, including musk deer, Tibetan gazelle, blue sheep, and even the elusive snow leopard. The region’s isolation has allowed both nature and culture to thrive undisturbed. Trekkers are often struck by the quiet beauty of the land, the vibrant color of the hills, and the genuine hospitality of the people.
A Day in Lo Manthang: The Forbidden Kingdom
Nestled deep within the mystical landscape of Upper Mustang, Lo Manthang stands as a living monument to history, culture, and timeless beauty. Encircled by centuries-old walls and set against the stark grandeur of the Himalayan desert, this ancient walled city invites travelers to step into a world where the past remains vividly alive.
As dawn breaks over the Forbidden Kingdom, the golden light casts long shadows across the city’s narrow alleyways and mud-brick homes, structures that have withstood the test of time for generations. Begin your day with a quiet walk through these labyrinthine streets, where every stone and carving speaks of forgotten tales and enduring faith.
At the heart of the city stands Jampa Lhakhang, one of Lo Manthang’s oldest and most revered monasteries. Its three-story structure is adorned with intricate Buddhist murals, making it a powerful symbol of the region’s spiritual legacy and artistic mastery.
Just a short distance away lies Thubchen Gompa, a grand assembly hall whose towering red façade shelters delicate frescoes that depict sacred teachings and ancient mythologies. This quiet, contemplative space offers a rare glimpse into the spiritual life of Mustang’s people and the deep-rooted beliefs that continue to guide them.
As the day unfolds, venture beyond the inner city walls to explore the outer edges of Lo Manthang, where ancient architecture meets the sweeping emptiness of the high Himalayan plateau. Here, the contrast of man-made structures and natural majesty creates an unforgettable visual experience.
A visit to the Royal Palace of the Mustang King offers a powerful connection to the region’s monarchical history. Though simple in appearance, the palace holds immense cultural value, with murals and interiors that narrate the stories of a once-thriving Himalayan kingdom.
Scattered throughout the cliffs surrounding Lo Manthang are the famous Sky Caves, also known as Tiger Caves. These ancient cave dwellings once served as homes, meditation chambers, and places of refuge for monks and local inhabitants. Among them is the remarkable Jhong Cave Monastery, a multi-level structure carved directly into the cliffside, revealing both the architectural ingenuity and spiritual devotion of its creators.
Once the seat of power in the Kingdom of Lo, Lo Manthang retains its regal essence through its monasteries, murals, festivals, and deeply spiritual ambiance. Its layered history told through its monuments, artifacts, and traditions continues to resonate in every corner of this remarkable city.
To spend a day in Lo Manthang is to walk through living history, a sacred and storied place where culture, faith, and resilience are preserved in stone, art, and silence.
Upper Mustang Trek Route Overview
The Upper Mustang Trek spans 17 days, beginning with your arrival in Kathmandu, Nepal. Upon landing at Tribhuvan International Airport, a representative from All Nepal Hiking will greet you and escort you to a comfortable 3-star hotel in the city. The first day is reserved for rest and optional exploration of the vibrant capital.
On the second day, travelers enjoy a guided cultural tour of Kathmandu Valley, visiting four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Pashupatinath Temple, Boudhanath Stupa, Swayambhunath (Monkey Temple), and Kathmandu Durbar Square. This tour offers insight into Nepal’s unique blend of Hindu and Buddhist heritage, showcasing religious harmony and rich cultural traditions.
The following morning, the group takes a scenic 6 to 7-hour drive from Kathmandu to Pokhara, covering around 200 kilometers. The drive offers views of Nepal’s rural life, charming towns, and the Trisuli River, providing a first glimpse of the natural beauty that lies ahead.
From Pokhara, trekkers board a short but spectacular flight to Jomsom, soaring above the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. Upon landing, the trek begins with a walk toward Kagbeni, the official gateway to Upper Mustang. The trail gradually ascends through the high-altitude desert terrain of the trans-Himalayan region, allowing time for proper acclimatization.
The route leads through traditional villages like Chele, Ghiling, and Charang, before reaching the historic walled city of Lo Manthang at an elevation of 3,840 meters. This cultural gem is the heart of the Mustang Kingdom, where trekkers explore ancient sites such as Namgyal Gompa, the royal monastery, and Tingkar, the most remote village in the northwest.
During the return journey, the trail descends through Dhakmar, Syangmochen, and Chhusang, with overnight stays in these timeless villages. A visit to the sacred site of Muktinath, a pilgrimage destination for both Hindus and Buddhists, adds a spiritual dimension to the trek.
The adventure concludes with a drive from Jomsom back to Kathmandu, passing once again through Nepal’s picturesque terraced farmlands, river valleys, and rural communities.
This thoughtfully designed Upper Mustang Trek Package offers the perfect balance of cultural immersion, remote high-altitude trekking, and exploration of the mystical landscapes of Mustang. It is ideal for travelers seeking both adventure and authenticity in one of Nepal’s most extraordinary regions.
Major Places to Visit During the Upper Mustang Trek
The Upper Mustang Trek is not only a journey through awe-inspiring Himalayan landscapes but also a deep dive into the ancient culture, spirituality, and mythology of the once Forbidden Kingdom of Lo. From mystical caves and centuries-old monasteries to walled cities and sacred temples, every stop on this trail has a story to tell. Below are the must-visit destinations that make the Upper Mustang region a truly unique trekking experience in Nepal.
Kagbeni – Gateway to Upper Mustang
Kagbeni is the historic entry point to the Upper Mustang Restricted Area and one of the oldest villages in the Himalayas. Located at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki River and the trail to Muktinath, this village features the 500-year-old Kag Chode Thupten Samphel Ling Monastery, traditional stone houses, and striking views of barren landscapes. With its religious significance and strategic location, Kagbeni is both a cultural and spiritual gateway to the Upper Mustang trek.
Chungsi Cave – Sacred Meditation Site
The Ranchung Chungsi Cave is a sacred Buddhist cave located between Samar and Syangboche. This natural cave is believed to be where Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) meditated during the 8th century. The walls of the cave display naturally formed deities, making it a rare spiritual site untouched by human hands. Known for its healing stones and religious importance, Chungsi Cave is a hidden gem along the Upper Mustang route.
Red Cliffs of Dhakmar – Mythological Landmark
The red cliffs of Dhakmar are one of the most visually dramatic sights in Upper Mustang. According to local legend, the red color represents the blood of a demon slain by Guru Rinpoche. These towering cliffs are set against a desert-like backdrop, creating a powerful contrast and a landscape steeped in myth. Dhakmar is also near Ghar Gumba, making it a spiritually rich area for trekkers to explore.
Ghar Gumba – The Oldest Tibetan Monastery
Located near Dhakmar, Ghar Gumba (also called Lo Gekar Monastery) is considered one of the oldest Tibetan monasteries in the world, built in the 7th century by Guru Rinpoche. It is famous for its ancient rock paintings and spiritual energy. Local legends say that anyone who visits Ghar Gumba and makes a sincere wish will have it fulfilled. This sacred monastery is a must-visit for anyone seeking deeper spiritual connections during the trek.
Lo Manthang – The Walled Capital of Upper Mustang
Lo Manthang is the heart of the Upper Mustang region and the capital of the former Kingdom of Lo. This ancient walled city stands at an altitude of 3,840 meters and is home to several historically significant sites, including:
- The Royal Palace of Lo
- Ancient monasteries like Jampa Gompa, Thubchen Gompa, Chodey Gompa, and Dragkar-Thegchen Ling
- The Monastic Museum and Tsechen Shedrubling School, which train young monks
Walking through Lo Manthang feels like stepping into a living museum of Tibetan Buddhist culture and architecture.
Chhoser & Jhong Cave – Ancient Cave Complex
Located to the north of Lo Manthang, Chhoser Village is famous for its intricate network of ancient sky caves, including the remarkable Jhong Cave. This five-story cave system contains over 40 rooms and dates back more than 2,500 years. From the cave, trekkers can enjoy sweeping views of the Chhoser Valley. The area also features remote monasteries and traditional villages like Gharpu, making it an excellent detour for cultural exploration.
Tsarang – Cultural and Spiritual Center
Once the capital before Lo Manthang, Tsarang (Charang) is a historically rich village featuring a massive red-walled monastery and an ancient fortress. The inner walls of the monastery are adorned with murals of the Medicine Buddha mandala, and the village is surrounded by dramatic cliffs and chortens. The nearby landscape is also dotted with hundreds of ancient caves, many of which remain unexplored. Tsarang is a peaceful yet powerful stop on the Upper Mustang trail.
Luri Gumba – Ancient Cave Monastery
Tucked near Yara Village, Luri Gumba is a rare and sacred cave monastery that dates back to the 14th century. Accessible through a short trek, this cave houses remarkable murals, chortens, and relics used in Tantric Buddhist rituals. Luri Gumba is one of the best-preserved and most mysterious sites in Upper Mustang, offering a blend of history, spirituality, and artistic heritage.
Muktinath – Sacred Temple of Liberation
At 3,800 meters above sea level, Muktinath Temple is one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for both Hindus and Buddhists. Known as one of the Char Dham (four sacred abodes), Muktinath attracts pilgrims seeking spiritual liberation. The temple complex features:
- The famous 108 water spouts
- The eternal flame that burns continuously from natural gas
- Peaceful shrines and hermit caves
Often visited at the end of the Upper Mustang Trek, Muktinath provides a spiritually fulfilling conclusion to the journey.
Why Trek Upper Mustang?
The Upper Mustang Trek stands apart from other trekking routes in Nepal, offering an experience that goes far beyond panoramic mountain views. This journey takes you deep into a region where spirituality, history, and nature converge, creating a truly immersive cultural adventure.
With its dramatic desert landscapes, Tibetan-influenced villages, and a heritage that has remained untouched for centuries, Upper Mustang offers a glimpse into a world that feels frozen in time. The region’s isolation has helped preserve its ancient traditions, making it a living museum of Tibetan Buddhism and Himalayan culture.
Trekkers are drawn not only to the breathtaking scenery but also to the mystique of Lo Manthang, the serenity of cliffside caves, and the profound spiritual energy that permeates the region. Whether it's the fluttering of prayer flags in the wind, the chant of monks in centuries-old monasteries, or the warm welcome from the Lopa people, every step through Upper Mustang feels meaningful.
This is more than a trek,it’s a journey into a forgotten kingdom, offering an unforgettable blend of natural beauty, cultural depth, and personal discovery. Upper Mustang promises memories that are as vivid and enduring as the land itself.
Why Upper Mustang is the Best Summer Trek in Nepal
If you’re searching for the best trek in Nepal during the summer months, the Upper Mustang Trek is an ideal choice. Unlike most trails in Nepal that experience heavy monsoon rainfall, Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, keeping the region mostly dry. This unique geography allows trekkers to enjoy clear trails and comfortable hiking conditions throughout summer.
The season brings a rare charm to the landscape as barren cliffs and valleys take on splashes of greenery, creating a striking contrast against the desert-like terrain. Warm weather at higher altitudes makes trekking much more pleasant compared to colder months, allowing you to savor the natural beauty without discomfort.
Summer also offers a wonderful chance to experience local culture, especially the famous Yartung Festival in Lo-Manthang. Celebrated with horse races, traditional dances, and Buddhist rituals, this festival breathes life into the ancient walled city and adds a vibrant cultural dimension to your trek.
Additionally, the summer months offer a peaceful atmosphere with fewer crowds, allowing you to connect more deeply with locals and explore monasteries, caves, and villages at a leisurely pace.
Upper Mustang Trek Distance and Daily Pace
The Upper Mustang Trek spans approximately 135 to 150 kilometers (84 to 93 miles) and typically takes 11 days to complete. The journey usually starts and ends in Jomsom, offering trekkers a well-paced itinerary that allows for proper acclimatization, and allows trekkers to fully experience the stunning landscapes, ancient monasteries, and traditional Tibetan Buddhist culture.
Daily trekking distances vary but typically range between 10 to 15 kilometers, with trekking durations of 6 to 7 hours per day. Most trekking days conclude by mid-afternoon, providing ample time for rest and exploration. The trail gradually ascends to high altitudes, reaching up to 3,800 to 4,000 meters (12,500 to 13,100 feet), but does not involve extremely steep climbs, making it suitable for those with moderate trekking experience.
This measured daily pace helps reduce the risk of altitude sickness while offering opportunities to visit important sites such as Lo Manthang, ancient caves, and historic villages. Trekkers should maintain a steady and comfortable pace, staying hydrated and following the principle of "climb high, sleep low" to ensure a safe and rewarding journey.
Alternative Treks in the Mustang Region
While the classic Upper Mustang Trek remains a favorite among adventure seekers, there are several equally compelling alternatives in the Mustang region that offer diverse experiences from extended high-altitude treks to cultural festival journeys and even overland or biking tours. These alternatives allow travelers to explore Mustang from different perspectives, catering to varying interests, fitness levels, and time frames.
Upper Dolpo to Upper Mustang Trek
For seasoned trekkers looking for a challenging and remote Himalayan expedition, the Upper Dolpo to Upper Mustang Trek is a once-in-a-lifetime journey. This extended route connects two of Nepal’s most isolated regions Upper Dolpo and Upper Mustang through rugged high mountain passes and culturally untouched landscapes.
This trek is ideal for those who seek solitude, spiritual insight, and dramatic scenery in some of Nepal's most restricted and preserved areas. It requires strong physical fitness and prior high-altitude trekking experience due to its duration and remote terrain.
Lo Manthang – Damodar Kunda – Muktinath Trek
The Lo Manthang – Damodar Kunda – Muktinath Trek blends spiritual pilgrimage with adventure, taking trekkers from the historic walled city of Lo Manthang to the sacred Damodar Kunda (Lake) and finally to the revered shrine of Muktinath.
This route is perfect for those interested in combining Tibetan Buddhist culture with sacred sites and remote Himalayan landscapes. It’s a more spiritually focused alternative to the standard Upper Mustang trek.
Upper Mustang Trek with Yara
The Upper Mustang Trek with Yara is an 18-day trekking adventure that goes beyond the traditional Upper Mustang route. It includes lesser-visited villages such as Yara, Ghami, and Tangge, as well as remote cliffside monasteries like Luri Gompa.
With a maximum elevation of 4,210 meters at Paha, this version includes more challenging high-altitude terrain and deeper cultural immersion, making it ideal for those seeking a more adventurous and offbeat Mustang experience.
Upper Mustang Tiji Festival Trek
The Tiji Festival Trek is a culturally immersive 18-day journey that coincides with the annual Tiji Festival in Lo Manthang, a vibrant, three-day celebration of Tibetan Buddhist rituals and traditional masked dances.
This trek offers all the scenic beauty of the Upper Mustang route but includes extended time in Lo Manthang for the festival celebrations, making it perfect for travelers looking to connect deeply with the local culture and spirituality of Mustang.
Upper Mustang Overland Tour
For those short on time or unable to complete a long trek, the Upper Mustang Overland Tour offers a comfortable yet enriching 11to 13-day adventure by private 4WD vehicle. This tour takes you through the same ancient villages, monasteries, and landscapes seen on foot but via rugged mountain roads.
It includes visits to Lo Manthang, Chhoser, Muktinath, and other cultural highlights with options for short day hikes along the way. Compared to the full trek, the overland tour is less physically demanding and ideal for families, seniors, or photographers seeking flexibility and ease of travel.
Upper Mustang Mountain Biking Tour
For adventure lovers seeking a unique and adrenaline-filled experience, the Upper Mustang Mountain Biking Tour is an exciting way to explore the region. Riders traverse ancient trading routes, cross high mountain passes, and glide past Buddhist shrines, mani walls, and desert canyons all on two wheels.
This biking expedition offers an unforgettable way to experience Mustang’s striking terrain and rich heritage while challenging your limits on remote Himalayan trails.
Each alternative route in the Mustang region provides its own blend of adventure, culture, and natural beauty. Whether you're drawn by ancient caves, sacred lakes, vibrant festivals, or off-road experiences, these options let you customize your journey to suit your goals and interests.
Let us help you choose the trek or tour that’s right for you whether it's a challenging high-altitude hike, a cultural celebration, or a comfort-based overland adventure.
Best Trekking Agency in Nepal for Upper Mustang Trek
Experience the magic of the Upper Mustang Trek with All Nepal Hiking, the trusted name for unforgettable and safe adventures in Nepal. Our all-inclusive Upper Mustang Trek Packages combine stunning landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and exceptional service to create a seamless trekking experience.
With years of expertise guiding trekkers through the remote and culturally preserved Mustang region, our packages include experienced local guides, reliable transportation, and comfortable accommodation. We carefully plan every detail from well-balanced meals to altitude acclimatization ensuring your trek is both enjoyable and safe.
Our popular Upper Mustang Short Trek Itinerary takes you through ancient monasteries, traditional villages, and the iconic Lo Manthang fortress, giving you ample time to absorb the local culture and capture breathtaking photos.
Safety is our top priority. Over the years, we have successfully guided every group back safely, earning us five-star ratings on TripAdvisor, Google, and Trustpilot. What sets All Nepal Hiking apart is our personalized approach: we tailor each journey to meet your needs, and our knowledgeable guides share captivating stories about Mustang’s unique heritage.
From meticulous route planning to handling all necessary permits and providing top-quality trekking equipment, we take care of everything. In case of emergencies, our dedicated team offers prompt support, giving you complete peace of mind.
Choose All Nepal Hiking for your Upper Mustang Trek, a trusted partner that transforms your adventure into a lifetime memory. Book your trek today and explore the "Last Forbidden Kingdom" with confidence and care.
